FORMULATION OF THE RESEARCH

assalamualaikumwarohmatullahiwabarokatuh

 

A few weeks ago i went to library in the University of Lancang Kuning and I found the formulation of the research from my senior in my faculty. The title of her research is " A case study of autistic students at fifth grade of SLB (SEKOLAH LUAR BIASA) Melati Pekanbaru".

     

 

Semantics

Today I wanna share a little of about semantics

Semantics is the study of meaning in language.  The term is taken from the Greek seme, meaning sign.   The word meaning can be defined in many ways, but the definition most pertinent to linguistics and the one we will use is that meaning is "the function of signs in language."  This understanding of meaning corresponds to German philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein's definition: 'the meaning of a word is its use in the language' (in other words, the role a word plays in the language). Semantic relationships between words

A note about spelling and semantics

      In a language like English where spelling often diverges widely from pronunciation, There is a special type of homonym called the homophone. Homophones have the same pronunciation but different spellings: meet/meat,  peace/piece, whether/weather, you, ewe, through/threw, to, two, too. cot/caught. flour/flower.  Homophones are usually are true homonyms in that they derive from completely unrelated sources. There are also occasional polysemous homophones: draft (into the army), draught (of beer), or the Russian voskresenie (Resurrection) --> voskresenye  (Sunday).

Other terminology in lexical semantics

In discussing semantics, linguists sometimes use the term lexeme (as opposed to word), so that word can be retained for the inflected variants. Thus one can say that the words walk, walks, walked, and walking are different forms of the same lexeme.

There are several kinds of sense relations among lexemes. First is the opposition between syntagmatic relations (the way lexemes are related in sentences) and paradigmatic relations (the way words can substitute for each other in the same sentence context).

Important paradigmatic relations include:

   synonymy - "sameness of meaning" (pavement is a synonym of sidewalk)

    hyponymy - "inclusion of meaning" (cat is a hyponym of animal)

    antonymy - "oppositeness of meaning" (big is an antonym of small)

    incompatibility - "mutual exclusiveness within the same superordinate category" (e.g. red and green)

We also need to distinguish homonymy from polysemy: two words are homonyms if they are (accidentally) pronounced the same (e.g. "too" and "two"); a single word is polysemous if it has several meanings (e.g. "louse" the bug and "louse" the despicable person).

Lexicology

Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, the science of language. The term Lexicology is composed of two Greek morphemes:

lexis meaning ‘word, phrase’ (hence lexicos ‘having to do with words’) and logos which denotes ‘learning, a department of knowledge’. Thus, the literal meaning of the term Lexiсolоgу is ‘the science of the word’.

The literal meaning, however, gives only a general notion of the aims and

the subject-matter of this branch of linguistic science, since all its other

branches also take account of words in one way or another approaching

them from different angles. Phonetics, for instance, investigating the pho-

netic structure of language, i.e. its system of phonemes and intonation pat-

terns, is concerned with the study of the outer sound form of the word.

Grammar, which is inseparably bound up with Lexicology, is the study of

the grammatical structure of language. It is concerned with the various

means of expressing grammatical relations between words and with the

patterns after which words are combined into word-groups and sentences.

Lexicology as a branch of linguistics has its own aims and methods of

scientific research, its basic task being a study and systematic description

of vocabulary in respect to its origin, development and current use. Lexicology is concerned with words, variable word-groups, phraseological units, and with morphemes which make up words.

Distinction is naturally made between General Lexicology and Special

Lexicology.

 General Lexicology is part of General Linguistics; it is con-

cerned with the study of vocabulary irrespective of the specific features of

any particular language. Special Lexicology is the Lexicology of a particular language (e.g. English, Russian, etc.), i.e. the study and description of its

vocabulary and vocabulary units, primarily words as the main units of language. Needless to say that every Special Lexicology is based on the principles worked out and laid down by General Lexicology, a general theory of

vocabulary.

There is also a close relationship between Lexicology and Stylistics or,

to be more exact, L i n g u o - S t y l i s t i c s (Linguistic Stylistics).

Linguo-Stylistics is concerned with the study of the nature, functions and

structure of stylistic devices, on the one hand, and with the investigation

of each style of language, on the other, i.e. with its aim, its structure, its

characteristic features and the effect it produces as well as its interrelation with the other styles of language.

Syntax

• I read before about syntax in internet, syntax is :

       What is Syntax?

Syntax – the part of linguistics that studies sentence structure:

• word order:

I want these books.

*want these I books.

• agreement – subject and verb, determiner and noun, often must agree:

He wants this book.

*He want this book.

I want these books.

*I want this books.

• How many complements, which prepositions and forms (cases):

I give Mary a book.

*I see Mary a book.

I see her.

*I see she.

• hierarchical structure – what modifies what

We need more (intelligent leaders).

(more of intelligent leaders)

We need (more intelligent) leaders.

(leaders that are more intelligent)

• etc.

Syntax is not about meaning! Sentences can have no sense and still be grammatically correct:

Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. – nonsense, but grammatically correct

*Sleep ideas colorless furiously green. – grammatically incorrect

Syntax: From Greek syntaxis from syn (together) + taxis (arrangement).

Cf. symphony, synonym, synthesis; taxonomy, tactics