Four Article's Review

Ratna Sari

Title: Semantic field, Semantic Relation and Semantic Component

Author: Benedict Orji Ukpabi

Pages: 17

Content:

This discussion about the semantic field, semantic relation and semantic components. It characterized the semantic field.

 Semantic field is a set of words or lexemes related in meaning; also called lexical field, field, or field of meaning. Most often, fields are defined by subject matter, such as body parts, landforms, diseases, colours, foods, or kinship relations.

Semantic Relations, Semantic relations or meaning relations are words that are semantically related to other words.

There are lexical groups or components that made up semantic relation :

1.      Synonym

2.       Antonyms

3.      Polysemy

4.      Antagonymy

5.      Homonymy

6.      Hyponymy/hypernymy

Semantic Components, A semantic component is a potentially contrastive part of the meaning of a lexical unit

Result/Finding:  This study about a set of words or lexemes related in meaning, semantic relations or meaning relations are words that are semantically related to other words. This semantic also about the sinonim,antonyms,polysemy,antagonymy,homonymy,hyponymy, and about the semantic components that part of the meaning of a lexical unit.

Strength and Weakness:

Strange:

This paper is full of explanation and so many examples. The author had completed answer of that three question. I got something new about semantic in this paper beside of my previous review. Now, I know what is semantics field, relation and components. And also we got what the purpose of this learn, advantages and disadvantages used it to describe the meaning of word.  A students who is study about semantic must read this paper. You can get new understanding of semantics in here.

Weakness:

I got a little problem of some word example that is so many new word I did not know the meaning, so if you read this paper you must diligent open your dictionary. But it will help you to improve your English.

Conclusion:

This conclusion article’s we study about the semantic field, lexemes related in meaning.

DESI NORI SAHPUTRI

Judul: Teori Semantik: Kemuliaan dan Keterbatasan

Searcher 1: Saleh Mustafa Ramadhan

Dari: Al-Zaytoonah Universitas Swasta Yordania, Amman, Yordania.

Pencari 2: Taleb I. Ababneh

Dari: Irbid National University-Jordan, Irbid, Yordania.

Halaman: 9

Content:

This articles about the Theories of Semantics. Mainly referential theory of meaning, non– referential theory of meaning and generative grammarian theory of meaning are discussed.

Result/Finding:

Bloomfield (1933) stated that the context of situation was an essential part of meaning. He defined the meaning of a linguistic form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer. Palmer(1981) used reference in the sense of non– linguistic world of objects and experiences. In this sense, the word reference is used for the whole network of the contexts of situations in which we live. In other words, both Bloomfield and Palmer focus on the context of situations. Bloomfield also thinks of meaning as something describable in terms of stimuli and responses like Skinner who came after him. Skinner (1957) views meaning as a result of stimuli and responses made by participants in a verbal act of communication.

Strength and Weakness:

So many theories have been interested in the study of meaning. Because of the limited scope of this paper, the discussion will cover some of the well–known theories of meaning formulated in the last century. Mainly referential theory of meaning, non– referential theory of meaning and generative grammarian theory of meaning are discussed. Some assumptions, merits and limitations for each theory are also described.

Conclusion:

The researcher has discussed the main of meaning ,their view about meaning is nearly the same as of the Greekphilosophers. The only new thing they added is that it is the human mind that links an object.

ANNISA SEPTIANI

Title          : Modern Linguistics Semantics

Author      : Kate Kearns,Senior Lecturer, Department of Linguistics.

From         : University of Canterbury New Zealand.

Upload      : Pooja Saikia

Content:

Semantics deals with the literal meaning of words and the meaning of the way they are combined, which taken together form the core of meaning,  or the starting point from which the whole meaning of a particular utterance is constructed.

Result/finding:

This article present the kinds of meaning:

1.      Denotation and sense

The general point is that linguistic expressions are linked in virtue of their meaning to parts of the world around us, which is the basis of our use of language to convey information about reality. The denotation of an expression is the part of reality the expression is linked to.

The second way of giving the meaning of a word, commonly used in dictionaries, is to paraphrase it,

The most widely discussed form of the sense/denotation distinction is the means‘the blue train’ is to say that the French expression and the English expression have the same sense.sense/reference distinction. An expression which denotes just one individual is said to refer to that individual. Titles and proper names are common referring expressions

2.      Lexical and Structural Meaning

lexical meaning, which is the meaning of the individual words.

Structural meaning mainly comprises the meaning derived from the syntactic structure of an expression, for example: , which is the meaning of the way the words are combined.

3.      Categorematic expressions, which include the vast majority of words, are the descriptive words such as nouns, adjectives and verbs.

Strengthness and Weakness

Strength : You can know more about modern linguistic especially semantics by read this. And the example is enough to make us understands. And there are some tips that have given by authors.

Weakness : this article too long and very tedious to read.

Conclusion

From this article we know Current research suggests that the generalization expressed in any version of thematic roles theory is basically correct – arguments of verbs do fall into broad semantic classes, although the relevant classes are not always those identified by the traditional thematic relations introduced here.

SUSI LESTARI

Title          : Frame semantics a brief introduction

Author      : Diego Gavagna

From         : Aarhus University, 2013

Pages        : 12

Content

It tries to give a comprehensive explanation on how meanings are structured and associated to words in a semantic structure and how these provide access to our conceptual system, the inventory of structured knowledge that we use to navigate the world.This view gives account for relations between words that cannot just be ascribed to structural semantic relations like hyponymy, synonymy orantonymy. Instead, it describes the interdependencies between words based on background knowledge that humans acquire through experience and store in long-term memory.

Result/Findings

Frame semantics can be thought of as the effort to understand what reason a speech community might have found for creating the category represented by the word, and to explain the word’s meaning by presenting and clarifying that reason.

From these word, beside the systemic interrelations between words and between the respective underlying concepts, emerges one further characteristic of frame semantics,namely, that knowledge is grounded in human interaction with others and with the world.Thus, frames are prior expectations and knowledge about the world that is the whole time strengthen, weakened and transformed according to the information our brain receives from the perceptive senses.

So that boy would be defined as [human], [male], [young]. girl would be described as [human],[minus male], [young].The necessary and sufficient condition for it would be [human],[male], [adult], [minus married]. However this definition would include as bachelor also the Pope, proving that the accuracy of the definition is strongly undermined.

Strength and Weakness

Strength :  the author analysis is something new that we found of many article about semantic. I am so interested with the Frame semantics. The example is great. There are some pictures here. The letter that author used is so neat and will be easy to understand.

Weakness: the author said his dissertation is can not be considered exhaustive, but he have tried to give described the main terms of the theory.

Conclusion

Many other authors have developed this framework, including the remarkable attempt by Lakoff & Johnson in describing the concept of reframing in political discourse based on frame semantics’ approach and the role of metaphors and metonymy in natural languages. Lakoff’s approach is particularly interesting because it is not just an analytical framework but very much also a set of practical tools usable in everyday life.Another important contribution is the one proposed by Fauconier and Turner describing the characteristics of mental spaces that pose the ground for blending theory.

This article give an account for frame semantics approach to knowledge representations as described by Fillmore and the researchers that have developed his approach, including Langacker’s domains’ description and Barsalou perceptual symbols.

SYMBOL and REFERENT

SYMBOL and REFERENT

And I will share the  knowledge about Symbol and Referent.

In this my blog,i want to write down about the summary of symbol and referent.

Klik Sini

SEMANTICS

Well, I am going to review an article that I got from ACADEMIA related to our course “Semantics”.

This article is published by Abbdullah . Its title is “SEMANTICS Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning of morphemes”. which is talking about the word “Meaning of Morphemes”

I am interested to review this article because the title. I think it is enough interesting to read and know more about semantics ( the study of meaning). Actually so many explaination about this subject and I just took some points of it that enough important.

SEMANTICS

Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences. Subfields of semantics are;

Lexical Semantics is concerned with the meaning of words, and the meaning relationships among words.

Phrasal or Sentential Semantics is concerned with the meaning of syntactic units larger than the word.

Pragmatics is the study of how context and situation affect meaning.

MEANING

Conceptual Meaning: Conceptual meaning covers those basic, essential components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word. It is the type of meaning that dictionaries are designed to describe. Some of the basic components of a word like needle in English might include “thin, sharp, steel instrument.”

Associative Meaning is the type of meaning that people might connect with the use of words. The associative meaning of an expression has to do with individual mental understandings of the speaker. Different people might have different associations or connotations attached to a word like needle. They might associate it with “pain,” or “illness,” or “blood,” or “drugs,” or “thread,” or “knitting,” or “hard to find” (especially in a haystack), and these associations may differ from one person to the next. These types of associations are not treated as part of the word’s conceptual meaning.

TRUTH- CONDITINAL SEMANTICS

Truth-conditional semantics is a theory of meaning that takes semantic knowledge of knowing when sentences are true or false as basic. It is the study of conditions under which a statement can be judged true or false. It is also called compositional semantics because it calculates the truth value of a sentence by composing, or putting together, the meaning of smaller units. The study of truth or truth conditions in semantics falls into two basic categories:

1.       The study of different types of truth embodied in individual sentences:

a)      Tautologies (Analytic Sentences)

b)     Contradictions

c)      Synthetic Sentences

2.       The study of different types of truth relations that hold between sentences.

a)      Entailment

b)     Contradictory Sentences

Assignment Writing 2

Report text:

Waterfall in Riau

Riau evidently save the tourism potential of a huge waterfall. Very much spot roomates natural waterfall offers a beautiful view. Each waterfall has its beauty and uniqueness of each. Some of them are very popular and crowded, but there are Also new is known. The waterfall is scattered in various areas in Riau Province such as, waterfall Pulau simo, waterfall Tujuh Tingkat, waterfall Batu Dinding, waterfall Aek mertua, etc

            As for some of the waterfall is to '' paradise '' for adventure lovers. 150 meter falling from a height, the waterfall is not touching the cliff at all. The cliffs are tilted into making plunge into the water below. The waterfall is also as the highest waterfall in Riau. Splashed from a waterfall  feel from a distance of several meters from the ponds. The location of this waterfall is located in the village of Lubuk Bigau, Kampar Kiri Hulu, Riau. Access roads remain difficult and far to be a challenge when trying to enjoy the beauty of this waterfall.
            To achieve this waterfall, it would be better to use a special specification car or motorcycle. Although not so much visited, but the height of the waterfall is owned already the talk of the community and the waterfall can be an option in Riau your holiday destination with the family.

Discussion text:

“Forest fire, Satellite Detection of the 145 hotspots in Riau”

Satellite Teran and Aqua back detection the 145 is the heat that is allegedly caused by land and forest in Riau. The amount is far more than previous day’s observed there are 36 points. “The hotspots observed at 07.00” said the Head of the Meteorology Climatology, and Geophysics agency Station in Pekanbaru, Sugarin, Monday,29  August 2016.

According to Sugarin, the existence of hot spots is almost spread in all districts and cities in Riau. Regency of Rokan Hilir still be contributor of the most hotspots that reach the 100 point, Siak 18 point, Rokan Hulu 6 point, Pelalawan 5 point, Indragiri Hulu 5 point, Bengkalis 4 point, Kampar 4 point, and Meranti, Dumai, Indragiri Hulu 1 point.

The level of confidence of potential hotspots become a fire point above 70 percent or 104 of the fires, said Sugarin.

According to Sugarin, in general the weather in the region Riau at this time predicted sunny to cloudy. Most of the northern and central regions has been shrouded in haze. Chance of rain with mild to moderate intensity accompanied by lightning and strong winds forecasted to occur in the region of Riau in the west, north, and east. The maximum temperature 31,5-34,0 degrees Celsius, he said.

Based on the observation, the haze the rest of the forest fires and the land began to interfere with the quality of the air a region. In Pekanbaru, visibility decreased to 800 meters result covered closed the fog. So that in the Dumai visibility is only 2 kilometers, Pelalawan 4 kilometers, and Rengat 5 kilometers.

Haze began to envelop the city of Pekanbary. On this morning, the City of Pekanbaru was drenched in drizzle, but not eliminate haze. Board air pollution standards index in the intersection arengka shows a figure of 60 psi or medium.

Sang Petualang

Sebagai seorang anak gadis Ratna mempunyai hobby yang unik. Meskipun terlahir sebagai seorang wanita, ia juga mempunyai hobi berpetualang. Dia tidak peduli dengan perawatan, kecantikan dan kesehatannya, yang hanya dia pikirkan bagaimana hatinya selalu senang tanpa beban apapun.
Mulai sejak berumur 4 tahun, Ratna sering memanggil teman-temannya yang bernama Apin, Rivo, Rudy, dan Roby. Mereka adalah sahabatnya sejak kecil dan kebetulan rumah mereka semua berada pada satu komplek yang sama, jadi mudah baginya untuk berkumpul dengan temannya yang juga suka berpetualang.
Ia senang bermain dengan mereka karena mereka semua selalu membuatnya tertawa. Mereka memang punya sifat yang beda-beda. Ada yang pelit dan ada yang egois. Tapi Ia tak pernah mempermasalahkan itu. Walaupun hanya Ia satu-satunya perempuan disana, namun penampilannya seperti anak laki-laki, tomboy banget. Dengan menggunakan celana jeans dan baju superman serta rambut yang berantakan. Lalu mereka berlima pergi dengan memakai sepeda.
Mereka menjelajah seluruh rumbai. Dari rumah sampai ke USA alias Umban Sari Atas. Dengan usia mereka yang belia sungguh berani sekali. Suatu saat mereka melihat pohon buah seri yang sangat besar. Mereka memanjat dan mengambilnya tanpa permisi. Lalu mereka kumpulkan semua hasil panennya kedalam satu plastik. Lalu mereka pergi dan duduk santai dibawah pohon yang rindang dan makan bersama-sama.
Petualangan lainnya, Ratna dan teman-temannya pergi berburu di parit sekitar rumah. Banyak sekali tetangga yang lewat dan mereka menggeleng-gelengkan kepala melihatnya. Lalu, mereka membuat sebuah perlombaan, siapa yang menangkap capung terbanyak akan ditraktir es kiko-kiko. Mereka mendapat banyak capung. Namun, setelah dihitung yang paling banyak hanya Ratna. Entah untuk apa capung itu kami tangkap, yang jelas setelah beberapa jam, satu-satu mereka hampir mati. Dan ratna memilih untuk melepaskannya kembali.
Ratna fikir petualangan yang ia lakukan memang tidak seberapa dan yang dilakukan adalah hal-hal kecil yang menurutnya sangat kurang kerjaan. Namun masa-masa petualangan yang seperti itulah yang selalu ia rindukan. Baginya, masa kecil adalah masa yang paling menyenangkan, dimana tidak ada beban yang ditanggung. Anak kecil yang hanya mengerti makan dan bermain. Dan saat-saat emas seperti itu Ia merasa sangat dekat sekali dengan keluarga dan teman-temannya.