Phonetics
Fonetik ialah ilmu yang menyelidiki bunyi bahasa tanpa melihat fungsi dan bunyi itu sebagai pembeda makna dalam suatu bahasa(language). Fonetik menyelidiki bunyi bahasa dari sudut tuturan atau ujaran(parole).
Phonetic adalah ilmu yang membahas bagaimana
suatu suara bisa terbentuk menggunakan beberapa bagian tubuh yaitu bibir, gigi,
lidah, faring dan paru-paru. Ilmu ini hanya membahas mengenai hubungan antar
bagian tubuh yang menghasilkan suara. Untuk pembentukan sebuah bahasa, produksi
hingga persepsi suara akan dipelajari di ilmu yang satu ini. Di dalam
mempelajari ilmu phonetic, Anda akan mengenal 3 jenis phonetic di antaranya
articulatory phonetic yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari jalannya suara terbentuk,
auditory phonetic yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari suatu bahasa diterima oleh
pendengar dan acoustic phonetic.
Airstream and
articulation
Speech sounds
are made by modifying an airstream. The airstream we will be concerned with in
this book involves the passage of air from the lungs out through the oral and
nasal cavities (see figure 1). There are many points at which that stream of
air can be modified, and several ways in which it can be modified (i.e.
constricted in some way). The first point at which the flow of air can be
modified, as it passes from the lungs, is in the larynx (you can feel the front
of this, the adam’s apple, protruding slightly at the front of your throat: see
figure1), in which are located the vocal folds (or vocal cords). The vocal folds
may lie ope, in which case the airstream
passes through them unimpeded. Viewed from above, the vocal folds, when they
lie open, look like this :
The vocal folds may be brought together so that they are
closed, and no air may flow through them from the lungs:
One way in which
the outgoing stream of air may be modified is by applying a certain level of
constant muscular pressure sufficient to close the vocal folds along their
length, but only just: the build-up of air pressure underneath this closure is
sufficient,given the degreeof muscular pressure, to force that closure open,
but the air pressure then drops, and the muscular pressure causes the folds to
close again. The sequence is then repeated, very rapidly, and results in what
is called vocal fold vibration. You should be able to feel this vibration if
you put your fingers to your larynx and produce the sound which is written as
<z> in the word hazy (although
you will probably also feel vibration elsewhere in your head). Sounds which are
produced with this vocal fold vibration are said to be voiced sounds, whereas sounds produced without such vibration are
said to be voiceless.
To transcribe
speech sounds, phoneticians use the
international Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA: see figure 2) the ipa symbol
for the sound written <z> in hazy
is [z] . you should be able to feel the presence of vibration in [z] if you put
your fingers to your larynx and produce [z], then [s] (as in miss), then [z]
again: [z] is voiced, whereas [s] is voiceless. This distinction will
constitute the first of three descriptive parameters by means of which we will
describe a given consonantal speech sound: we will say, for any given
consonant, whether it is voiced or voiceless.
Place of Articulation (tempat artikulasi)
We will refer to
the points at which the flow of air can be modified as places of articulation. We
have just identified the vocal folds as a place of articulation: since the
space between the vocal cords is referred to as the glottis, we will refer to
sounds produced at this place of articulations as glottal sounds. There are
many other places of articulation: we will identify a further seven.
Firstly, sounds
in which the airflow is modified by forming a constriction between the lower
lip and the upper lip are referred to as bilabial sounds. An example is the
first sound in pit.
Secondly, sounds in which there is
a constriction between the lower lip and the upper teeth are referred to as labio-dental
sounds. An example is the first sound in fit.
Thirdly, sounds in wich there is a
constriction between the tip of the toungue and the upper teeth are referred to
as dental sounds. An example is the
first sound in thin.
Sounds in which there is a
constriction between the blade or tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge are
called alveolar sounds. An example is the first sound in sin.
Sounds in which there is a
constriction between the blade of the tongue and the palate-alveolar (or
post-alveolar) region are called palate-alveolar sounds. An example
is the first sound in ship.
Sounds in which there is a constriction
between the front of the tongue and the hard palate are called palatal
sounds. An example is the first sound in yes (although this may be less abvious to you: we will return to
this sound blow).
Sounds in which there is a constriction
between the back of the tongue and the velum are called velar sounds. An example
is the first sound in cool.
References :
English Phonetics and Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell
